Changes in Human Mobility under the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Tokyo Fuel Market

The study identifies the impact of changes in human mobility due to announcement state emergency cope with COVID-19 pandemic on Tokyo gasoline, diesel, and kerosene markets. Indices reflecting movements visits transit stations workplaces were used capture from February 2020 2021. linear nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) models applied investigate relationship between indices fuel prices. Although only price received an model, NARDL model revealed that when was increasing, affected positively negative shocks had adverse influence price. results imply importance providing subsidies a reduces demands decline negatively affects retail industry.